Multicasting Model for Efficient Data Transmission in VANET

VANETs (Vehicle Ad hoc Networks) are networks made up of a number of vehicular nodes that are free to enter and leave the network. The Location Aided Routing (LAR) protocol is the one that is most frequently utilized among them. Here, the route request packets are flooded across many pathways to the source node using the broadcasting strategy. The vehicles that have a direct path to the destination send the route reply packets back to the source. The least number of hops and the sequence number are used to determine the route from source to destination. This research study has used the multicasting approach to construct a path from the source node to the destination node. Within this multicasting strategy, the root nodes from the network are selected for data routing. The path between the source and the destination is chosen using a root node. The suggested approach is put into practice using the NS2, and some parametric values are computed to produce analytical findings

Analyzing the energy efficient path in Wireless Sensor Network using Machine Learning

As the sensor nodes are energy constrained, an important factor for successful implementation of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is designing energy efficient routing protocols and improving its lifetime. Network life time has been described in many ways such as   the time when the network lost its connectivity or the time when the first node gets disconnected. Whatever may be the description, the main focus of many researchers is to design algorithms that enable the network to perform continuously for a longer duration. So, improving the energy efficiency and increasing the network lifetime are the two key issues in WSN routing. Because of the intelligent nature and learning capacity, reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms are very suitable for complex distributed problems such as routing in WSN. RL is a subclass of Machine Learning techniques.  It can be used to choose the best forwarding node for transmitting data in multipath routing protocols. A survey has been made in this paper regarding the implementation of RL techniques to solve routing problems in WSN. Also, an algorithm has been proposed which is a modified version of original Directed Diffusion (DD) protocol. The proposed algorithm uses Q-learning technique which is a special class of RL. Also, the significance of balancing the exploration and exploitation rate during path finding in Q-learning has been demonstrated using an experiment implemented in python. The result of the experiment shows that if exploration-exploitation rate is properly balanced, it always yields an optimum value of the reward and thus path found from source to the destination is efficient

Impact Analysis of JellyFish Attack in MANETs

MANETs or Mobile Ad Hoc Networks is a network that consists of mobile nodes, is selforganizing and short lived. Due to the openness, decentralized and infrastructure less architecture it can be prone to different types of attacks. One such attack is the JellyFish attack. It is a type of passive attack .It is very difficult to detect this attack as it complies with the protocols. In this paper we present a study on this attack and its variants. The first section gives a brief introduction on MANETs and the different types of attacks on it from different point of view. The later section we concentrate on the JellyFish Attack. Further a review on the analysis is carried out from different sources to understand the impact of this attack on the performance and its effect on the network.Keywords: Active attacks, Passive Attacks, JellyFish Attack, AODV, DSR, TORA, GR

A General Survey on Rushing Attack in MANETs

MANETs (Mobile Ad hoc Network) is a kind of network in which all the nodes are connected via wireless link. There is no fixed infrastructure because of which any node can join or leave the network at any point time. There is no central monitoring system. All the nodes are working as host as well as client at the same time. This makes the network vulnerable to different kind of attacks. Standard routing protocols are also not that secured to protect the network from all probable attacks. Attacker may attack the network and disrupt the network services abruptly. Some of the common attacks in MANETs are Rushing attack, Black hole attack, Sybil attack, Neighbor attack and Jellyfish attack etc. In this paper we are trying to accumulate different probabilities of getting rushing attack in MANETs. And also discuss about different counter measures to prevent as well as to detect rushing attack.Keywords:Rushing attack, MANETs, Security, Denial of Service (DoS), Security threat

Measurement of liver fat fraction and iron with MRI and MR spectroscopy techniques.

Diffuse liver disease is a widespread global healthcare burden, and the abnormal accumulation of lipid and/or iron is common to important disease processes. Developing the improved methods for detecting and quantifying liver lipid and iron is an important clinical need. The inherent risk, invasiveness, and sampling error of liver biopsy have prompted the development of noninvasive imaging methods for lipid and iron assessment. Ultrasonography and computed tomography have the ability to detect diffuse liver disease, but with limited accuracy. The purpose of this review is to describe the current state-of-the-art methods for quantifying liver lipid and iron using magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy, including their implementation, benefits, and potential pitfalls. Imaging- and spectroscopy-based methods are naturally suited for lipid and iron quantification. Lipid can be detected and decomposed from the inherent chemical shift between lipid and water signals, whereas iron imparts significant paramagnetic susceptibility to tissue, which accelerates proton relaxation. However, measurements of these biomarkers are confounded by technical and biological effects. Current methods must address these factors to allow a precise correlation between the lipid fraction and iron concentration. Although this correlation becomes increasingly challenging in the presence of combined lipid and iron accumulation, advanced techniques show promise for delineating these quantities through multi-lipid peak analysis, T2 water mapping, and fast single-voxel water-lipid spectroscopy

MRI of diffuse liver disease: the common and uncommon etiologies

Diffuse liver disease, including all causes of chronic liver disease, affects tens of millions of people worldwide. There is a growing need for diagnostic evaluation as treatments become more readily available, particularly for viral liver disease. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides unique capabilities for noninvasive characterization of liver tissue that rival or surpass the diagnostic utility of liver biopsies. There has been incremental improvement in the use of standardized MRI sequences, acquired before and after administration of contrast for the evaluation of diffuse liver disease, and this includes study of the liver parenchyma and blood supply. More recent developments have led to methods for quantifying important liver metabolites, including fat and iron, and liver fibrosis, which is the hallmark for chronic liver disease. In this study, we review the MRI techniques and diagnostic features associated with common and uncommon etiologies of diffuse liver diseases, including processes that lead to abnormal perfusion (e.g. Budd-Chiari syndrome, congestive hepatomegaly), deposition diseases (e.g. fatty liver, hemochromatosis, Wilson’s disease), and abnormalities that are related to inflammation and fibrosis (e.g. primary sclerosing cholangitis, sarcoidosis)

MRI of diffuse liver disease: characteristics of acute and chronic diseases

Diffuse liver disease, including chronic liver disease, affects tens of millions of people worldwide, and there is a growing need for diagnostic evaluation as treatments become more readily available, particularly for viral liver diseases. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides unique capabilities for noninvasive characterization of the liver tissue that rival or surpass the diagnostic utility of liver biopsies. There has been incremental improvement in the use of standardized MRI sequences, acquired before and after administration of a contrast agent, for the evaluation of diffuse liver disease and the study of the liver parenchyma and blood supply. More recent developments have led to methods for quantifying important liver metabolites, including lipids and iron, and liver fibrosis, the hallmark of chronic liver disease. Here, we review the MRI techniques and diagnostic features associated with acute and chronic liver disease

MRI of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update of current practices

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, and liver transplantation is the optimal treatment for selected patients with HCC and chronic liver disease (CLD). Accurate selection of patients for transplantation is essential to maximize patient outcomes and ensure optimized allocation of donor organs. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful tool for the detection, characterization, and staging of HCC. In patients with CLD, the MRI findings of an arterial-enhancing mass with subsequent washout and enhancing capsule on delayed interstitial phase images are diagnostic for HCC. Major organizations with oversight for organ donor distribution, such as The Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN), accept an imaging diagnosis of HCC, no longer requiring tissue biopsy. In patients that are awaiting transplantation, or are not candidates for liver transplantation, localized therapies such as transarterial chemoembolization and radiofrequency ablation may be offered. MRI can be used to monitor treatment response. The purpose of this review article is to describe the role of imaging methods in the diagnosis, staging, and follow-up of HCC, with particular emphasis on established and evolving MRI techniques employing nonspecific gadolinium chelates, hepatobiliary contrast agents, and diffusion weighted imaging. We also briefly review the recently developed Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) formulating a standardized terminology and reporting structure for evaluation of lesions detected in patients with CLD

The Antimicrobial Scrub Contamination and Transmission (ASCOT) Trial: A Three-Arm, Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial With Crossover Design to Determine the Efficacy of Antimicrobial-Impregnated Scrubs in Preventing Healthcare Provider Contamination

OBJECTIVE To determine whether antimicrobial-impregnated textiles decrease the acquisition of pathogens by healthcare provider (HCP) clothing. DESIGN We completed a 3-arm randomized controlled trial to test the efficacy of 2 types of antimicrobial-impregnated clothing compared to standard HCP clothing. Cultures were obtained from each nurse participant, the healthcare environment, and patients during each shift. The primary outcome was the change in total contamination on nurse scrubs, measured as the sum of colony-forming units (CFU) of bacteria. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Nurses working in medical and surgical ICUs in a 936-bed tertiary-care hospital. INTERVENTION Nurse subjects wore standard cotton-polyester surgical scrubs (control), scrubs that contained a complex element compound with a silver-alloy embedded in its fibers (Scrub 1), or scrubs impregnated with an organosilane-based quaternary ammonium and a hydrophobic fluoroacrylate copolymer emulsion (Scrub 2). Nurse participants were blinded to scrub type and randomly participated in all 3 arms during 3 consecutive 12-hour shifts in the intensive care unit. RESULTS In total, 40 nurses were enrolled and completed 3 shifts. Analyses of 2,919 cultures from the environment and 2,185 from HCP clothing showed that scrub type was not associated with a change in HCP clothing contamination ( P =.70). Mean difference estimates were 0.118 for the Scrub 1 arm (95% confidence interval [CI], −0.206 to 0.441; P =.48) and 0.009 for the Scrub 2 rm (95% CI, −0.323 to 0.342; P =.96) compared to the control. HCP became newly contaminated with important pathogens during 19 of the 120 shifts (16%). CONCLUSIONS Antimicrobial-impregnated scrubs were not effective at reducing HCP contamination. However, the environment is an important source of HCP clothing contamination. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT 02645214 Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:1147–115